India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has progressed its Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) project by shortlisting three industry bidders to develop prototypes, according to The Indian Express. This marks a critical step in creating the country’s first indigenous fifth-generation stealth fighter, aimed at strengthening the Indian Air Force (IAF).

The selected contenders are TATA Advanced Systems Ltd (solo bid), a consortium led by Larsen & Toubro (L&T) in partnership with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), and a group led by Bharat Forge along with BEML Limited and Data Patterns. These were chosen from seven consortia that responded to the Aeronautical Development Agency’s (ADA) July 2025 tender.

The AMCA is designed as a single-seat, twin-engine stealth fighter featuring advanced coatings, internal weapons bays, next-generation avionics, supercruise capability, enhanced situational awareness, and network-centric warfare integration, putting it on par with global fifth-generation jets. Over 125 units are planned, with induction into the IAF expected around 2035—addressing the service’s current shortfall of under 30 squadrons versus the sanctioned 42.

Successful AMCA production would place India among nations operating fifth-generation fighters, such as the U.S. (F-22, F-35), China (Chengdu J-20), and Russia (Sukhoi Su-57). HAL’s bid was disqualified over a paperwork issue, though it may participate in later stages; the prototype developer is likely to gain priority for full production rights. HAL’s chairman DK Sunil noted the program’s long-term horizon and expressed confidence in future participation.

The shortlisted companies will receive government funding to build prototypes, with final production contracts awarded after evaluations. Around 90 jets are expected to be produced domestically, supporting the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative and encouraging private sector involvement. TATA brings UAV and transport aircraft experience, L&T-BEL offers structural and avionics expertise, and Bharat Forge contributes metallurgical and electronics capabilities vital for stealth airframes. Key challenges include developing a new 110 kN-class engine with DRDO’s Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) and potential foreign partners, along with integrating AI-based avionics and low-observable materials.

This development coincides with broader defense procurement, such as the Defence Acquisition Council approving six more Boeing P-8I Poseidon aircraft for the Indian Navy. French President Emmanuel Macron’s February 2026 visit may highlight aerospace collaborations, including Rafale Marine offsets or engine technology transfers relevant to AMCA. The AMCA shortlisting underscores India’s push to indigenize air power, reduce reliance on foreign supply chains, and strengthen strategic deterrence in a volatile region.
Disclaimer: This image is taken from Indian Defence News.

The HAL TEJAS, India’s domestically developed light combat fighter, has experienced a long and difficult journey since its conception in the early 1980s. The program is often criticised and described as being “grounded for 33 years,” reflecting the extended timeline between its approval and operational readiness.

This perception originates from the project’s formal approval in 1983, when it was intended to replace the ageing MiG-21 fleet. Even by 2026, however, the aircraft has yet to achieve complete operational maturity. Although TEJAS completed its first flight in 2001 and received initial operational clearance in 2015, ongoing issues involving production delays, engine dependency, and avionics integration have contributed to the impression of slow progress.

The program was initiated by the Aeronautical Development Agency, with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited serving as the manufacturing partner. The objective was to create a lightweight, multi-role fighter featuring a delta-wing design. However, international sanctions imposed after India’s 1998 nuclear tests significantly disrupted foreign technological cooperation, forcing engineers to develop critical systems domestically, including flight control software and radar.

Initially budgeted at ₹560 crore, the project’s cost rose dramatically to over ₹13,000 crore by 2015. This escalation was largely driven by dependence on imported components, including the GE F404 engine, which powers the aircraft. Engine limitations have been among the most significant challenges. Without an indigenous engine, TEJAS continues to rely on imported F404-IN20 engines, while the more powerful F414 engine, planned for future MK-2 variants, remains years away from full domestic production. Supply delays from foreign manufacturers have further slowed aircraft production, affecting the Indian Air Force’s ability to address squadron shortages.

Weight increases during development also created major engineering challenges. Early prototypes exceeded design weight targets, requiring structural modifications. Landing gear problems emerged as another concern, particularly in late 2024, when landing gear failures led to the temporary grounding of TEJAS aircraft, including operational, prototype, and naval versions. Engineers later redesigned the system, reducing weight and improving compatibility with upgraded MK-1A models.

Compared to other fighter programs worldwide, TEJAS experienced an unusually long development timeline. It took roughly 30 years from approval to initial operational service, while aircraft such as the F-16, Rafale, Gripen, and Su-27 reached operational status in significantly shorter periods. These delays were largely due to technological complexity, funding limitations, and external restrictions.

Public scrutiny intensified following a crash involving a TEJAS prototype during a demonstration at the Dubai Air Show in 2025. The incident raised questions regarding performance, reliability, and weapons integration, particularly when compared with other contemporary fighters such as Pakistan’s JF-17 and China’s J-10C. A 2015 report by India’s national auditor highlighted multiple performance shortcomings affecting combat effectiveness, including limited range and payload capacity compared with larger fighters such as Rafale and Su-30MKI. However, TEJAS offers advantages in agility, lower operating costs, and suitability for light combat roles.

Production rates have also remained slower than expected. The first operational squadron was established in 2016, but expansion has lagged behind projections. By 2026, fewer than 50 aircraft were in service, far below the number required to fully replace the MiG-21 fleet. Strategic considerations further complicate the program. With neighbouring countries rapidly modernising their air forces, TEJAS plays a key role in India’s push for defence self-reliance. However, export efforts have faced setbacks due to concerns over production speed and operational maturity.

Future upgrades aim to improve the aircraft’s capabilities. The MK-1A version includes advanced radar, improved avionics, and weight reductions. The MK-2 variant is expected to feature a more powerful engine and increased payload capacity, positioning it closer to medium-weight fighters. Nevertheless, development timelines continue to shift, with key milestones delayed beyond initial expectations. Despite setbacks, TEJAS represents a significant technological achievement. Its advanced fly-by-wire system, composite airframe, and multi-role flexibility demonstrate India’s growing aerospace capabilities. While technical challenges and delays have slowed progress, the program continues to evolve.

Ultimately, TEJAS cannot be considered a failure. It is operational and continues to improve, though it remains constrained by production limitations and engine dependence. Its long-term success will depend on resolving these issues and accelerating development, determining whether it can fully realise India’s ambitions for aerospace independence.
Disclaimer: This image is taken from Indian Defence News.

Iran remains open to diplomacy with the United States but is fully prepared to respond to any future military action, Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said in an interview in Tehran. He stressed that only a diplomatic approach can resolve tensions, arguing that threats or attacks cannot stop technological progress.

Araghchi said Iran’s trust in Washington has weakened, recalling that previous negotiations were underway when Iran was attacked. He reaffirmed that Iran’s uranium enrichment program is peaceful and based on sovereign rights, with enrichment levels tied to civilian needs such as nuclear energy and medical isotope production. He said Iran is willing to guarantee it will not pursue nuclear weapons if there is mutual goodwill.

However, he ruled out any talks on Iran’s ballistic missile program or regional alliances, stating negotiations with the US would focus solely on nuclear issues. He added that Iran is ready to defend itself if diplomacy fails and warned that any new attack would prompt retaliation against US regional assets.

Araghchi also criticized Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, accusing him of pushing for wider conflict. Despite tensions, he suggested both Tehran and Washington show interest in avoiding war if negotiations are conducted without military pressure. Netanyahu met US envoys to discuss regional matters and recent Iran talks. President Donald Trump said negotiations appear promising but warned of serious consequences if Iran continues weapons development, while also considering increased military pressure. Netanyahu has urged expanding talks to cover Iran’s missile program and regional influence.
Disclaimer: This image is taken from ANI.

Russia has unveiled an upgraded Sukhoi Su-57 fifth-generation stealth fighter as India steps up its search for advanced aircraft to strengthen its air capabilities. Moscow is expected to offer India a highly enhanced Su-57 with full technology transfer (ToT) as the Indian Air Force (IAF) seeks stealth fighters.

State-owned ROSTEC stated that the latest Su-57s feature advanced onboard systems and a revamped weapons suite, boosting operational versatility. A Su-57 pilot noted that the aircraft meet Russia’s Defence Ministry standards and have already proven themselves in ongoing military operations. Upgrades expand mission profiles, enabling new weapon types and increased adaptability across combat scenarios.

The Su-57 is a multi-role fighter capable of striking air, ground, and naval targets in all-weather conditions, even under electronic warfare. Its stealth and supermaneuverability distinguish it in modern air combat. Vadim Badekha, CEO of United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), highlighted ongoing improvements in avionics and armaments, emphasizing the jet’s efficiency and combat effectiveness.

The rollout aligns with Russia’s push to engage India on the Su-57, including full ToT and local production. At the Dubai Air Show, Moscow offered a comprehensive package addressing all Indian requirements. Proposals include initial deliveries from Russia, phased manufacturing in India, licensed munitions production, and mastery of next-gen technologies like engines, AESA radars, AI integration, low observables, and advanced weaponry. Russia may also develop a twin-seat variant tailored for India, prioritizing indigenous production to reduce sanction risks and support India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.

For India, the timing is crucial. Under Roadmap 2047, the IAF needs 35–40 new fighters annually for the next two decades to maintain squadron strength. Indigenous projects like AMCA are progressing, but foreign acquisitions remain vital amid threats from China and Pakistan. Current IAF strength stands at roughly 30 squadrons versus an authorized 42, with delays in projects like Tejas Mk-2 and Rafale deliveries worsening the gap.

Defence cooperation is expected to be a key topic in the upcoming Modi-Putin summit, covering Su-57 collaboration, S-400 and S-500 developments, Su-30MKI and T-90 co-production, and BrahMos enhancements. India’s Su-57 evaluation draws on the previous FGFA project, abandoned in 2018 over cost and tech concerns. New upgrades—advanced engines, improved stealth, and AI features—could renew interest, with full ToT enabling HAL or private firms like TATA to assemble jets domestically.

Challenges remain, including unproven stealth in combat and engine reliability issues. Geopolitical factors, CAATSA waivers, and US-India defence ties also influence decisions. Still, Russia’s proven track record as a supplier—from MiG-29s to S-400s—adds appeal. The Su-57 offers network-centric warfare integration, hypersonic weapons compatibility, drone swarm deployment, and potential for a two-seater variant for training or exports. Local production would generate jobs, strengthen the supply chain, and support exports under Make in India. As the IAF weighs the Su-57 against alternatives like the F-35 or Eurofighter, Russia’s offer stands out for cost-effectiveness and full ToT, bridging the gap until AMCA becomes operational around 2035.
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